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Syllabus · Plan de cours

IFT 6162 — Apprentissage par renforcement, commande optimale (Reinforcement Learning, Optimal Control)

English
Français

Course information

Course codeIFT 6162
TitleReinforcement Learning, Optimal Control (official registrar title is in French: Apprentissage par renforcement, commande optimale)
CreditsTBD
TermFall 2026
ScheduleMondays 10:30–12:29 and Thursdays 13:30–15:29 — Aug 31 – Oct 16 and Oct 26 – Dec 9, 2026 (14 teaching weeks, ~25 sessions)
RoomCampus Montréal — room TBD
InstructorPierre-Luc Bacon
EmailTBD
Office hoursTBD
Teaching assistantsTBD
Language of instructionTBD (course materials are in English)
Course websitehttps://pierrelucbacon.com/rlbook/

Description

This course builds reinforcement learning up from its foundations in dynamics, optimization, and control. Rather than starting from the tabular Markov decision process and working outward, we start from the decision problem itself: how to write down a model of a system, how to state an objective that unfolds over time, and how to solve the resulting optimization problem numerically. Dynamic programming, model predictive control, and modern deep RL algorithms then appear as different answers to the same question, each carrying its own assumptions and failure modes.

The organizing theme is that most of the work in applying RL happens before an algorithm is chosen. Sensors produce noisy data, constraints are non-negotiable, and objectives shift or conflict. A practitioner who can only reach for a policy gradient method is poorly equipped for that reality. A practitioner who recognizes the same mathematical structure across trajectory optimization, MPC, dynamic programming, and deep RL can choose the right tool and explain why.

Reinforcement learning did not develop in isolation: its foundations draw on control theory, dynamic programming, operations research, and economics. The same ideas recur under different names in each community. Making those connections explicit is a central goal of the course.

Prerequisites

Students are expected to be comfortable with:

  • Mathematics. Linear algebra, multivariable calculus, and probability at the undergraduate level.

  • Optimization. Unconstrained and constrained optimization; gradient-based methods. Familiarity with KKT conditions is helpful but will be reviewed.

  • Programming. Python, with working knowledge of NumPy. The course uses JAX and nonlinear programming solvers; no prior experience with either is assumed.

  • Machine learning. A prior course covering supervised learning and neural network training.

Prior exposure to reinforcement learning is not required.

Learning outcomes

By the end of the course, you should be able to:

  1. Formulate a sequential decision problem as a discrete-time optimal control problem or an MDP, stating dynamics, objective, and constraints explicitly, and justify the modeling choices you made.

  2. Solve trajectory optimization problems numerically using single shooting, multiple shooting, and direct collocation, and explain the trade-offs among them in terms of conditioning, sparsity, and solver behavior.

  3. Implement model predictive control, and reason about recursive feasibility, stability, constraint softening, and fallback behavior.

  4. Derive dynamic programming recursions for finite- and infinite-horizon problems, and characterize Bellman operators as contractions on an appropriate space.

  5. Explain approximate dynamic programming as the projection of a Bellman residual onto an approximation space, and connect this view to fitted value and fitted Q iteration.

  6. Analyze the Monte Carlo estimators used throughout RL, identifying sources of bias and variance, including maximization bias.

  7. Situate deep RL algorithms — DQN and its extensions, DDPG, TD3, path consistency learning, MPPI, and policy gradient methods — within this framework, and explain each design choice as a response to a specific difficulty.

  8. Read and critically assess research papers spanning the RL, control, and operations research literatures.

Textbook

The primary text is the course book, written for this class and freely available online:

Pierre-Luc Bacon. Building Up RL: From Dynamics and Control to Learning. https://pierrelucbacon.com/rlbook/

The book is executable: figures and examples are generated from code you can run and modify. The source is on GitHub; corrections and issues are welcome.

Supplementary references

These are recommended for depth on particular topics; none is required.

  • D. P. Bertsekas. Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, Vols. I–II. Athena Scientific.

  • M. L. Puterman. Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming. Wiley, 1994.

  • R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2018.

  • J. T. Betts. Practical Methods for Optimal Control and Estimation Using Nonlinear Programming, 2nd ed. SIAM.

  • J. B. Rawlings, D. Q. Mayne, and M. M. Diehl. Model Predictive Control: Theory, Computation, and Design, 2nd ed. Nob Hill.

  • J. Nocedal and S. J. Wright. Numerical Optimization, 2nd ed. Springer.

  • W. B. Powell. Reinforcement Learning and Stochastic Optimization. Wiley, 2022.

Evaluation

ComponentWeightDue
AssignmentsTBDTBD
Paper presentationTBDTBD
MidtermTBDTBD
Final project — proposalTBDTBD
Final project — report and presentationTBDTBD
Total100%

Grading scale. TBD

Late policy. TBD

Tentative schedule

The course meets twice a week — Mondays 10:30–12:29 and Thursdays 13:30–15:29 — over 14 teaching weeks, for roughly 25 sessions in total. Each row below therefore covers two meetings, except where a holiday intervenes. Pacing is indicative and will be adjusted as the term goes on.

WeekTopicReading
1 · Aug 31 – Sep 3Course overview; the decision problem; why formulation comes firstWhy This Book?
2 · Sep 7 – 10Dynamics models and the state-space perspectiveDynamics
3 · Sep 14 – 17From deterministic to stochastic dynamics; partial observability; programs as modelsDynamics
4 · Sep 21 – 24Discrete-time optimal control problems; existence and optimality conditionsTrajectory Optimization
5 · Sep 28 – Oct 1Sequential and simultaneous methods; single and multiple shooting; adjoints as reverse accumulationTrajectory Optimization
6 · Oct 5 – 8Direct transcription; polynomial interpolationCollocation
7 · Oct 12 – 15A compendium of direct transcription methods; worked examplesCollocation
8 · Oct 26 – 29Model predictive control: closing the loop by replanning; theoretical guarantees; variantsMPC
9 · Nov 2 – 5MPC in practice: constraint softening, feasibility restoration, backup controllers; parametric optimizationMPC
10 · Nov 9 – 12Dynamic programming: backward recursion, continuous spaces, the linear quadratic regulatorDynamic Programming
11 · Nov 16 – 19Markov decision processes: Bellman operators, infinite horizon, value and policy iterationDynamic Programming
12 · Nov 23 – 26Smoothing and regularized MDPs; projection and weighted residual methodsSmoothing, Projection
13 · Nov 30 – Dec 3Monte Carlo methods and overestimation bias; fitted Q iteration, NFQ, DQNMonte Carlo, FQI
14 · Dec 7Amortized optimization (NFQCA, DDPG, TD3, PCL, MPPI); policy gradient methodsAmortization, Policy Gradients

No class on:

  • Monday September 7 — Labour Day (Fête du travail)

  • Monday October 12 — Thanksgiving (Action de grâce)

  • October 19–25période d’activités libres (no meetings; this is the gap between the two blocks in the registrar’s listing)

  • Thursday December 10 falls outside the course’s end date of December 9, so week 14 has a Monday session only.

The appendices on worked examples, initial value problems, and nonlinear programming are reference material used throughout the term rather than assigned to a specific week.

Course policies

Attendance. TBD

Collaboration. Discussing ideas with classmates is encouraged. Unless an assignment states otherwise, the work you submit must be written by you alone, and you must name anyone you worked with.

Generative AI. TBD — the specific policy will be stated on each assignment. Where AI assistance is permitted, you remain fully responsible for the correctness of everything you submit and you must disclose how it was used.

Academic integrity. All work is subject to the University’s regulations on plagiarism and fraud. See https://integrite.umontreal.ca/ for the full policy.

Accommodations. Students registered with the Soutien aux personnes étudiantes en situation de handicap (SESH) service should contact the instructor early in the term so that arrangements can be made. See https://vieetudiante.umontreal.ca/a-propos/service/soutien-personnes-etudiantes-situation-handicap or write to soutienhandicap@sve.umontreal.ca.

Changes to this syllabus. This document may be revised during the term. Changes will be announced in class and reflected on this page.